| Talysh | ||
|---|---|---|
| tolışə zıvon толышә зывон تالشی زَوُن |
||
| Spoken in | ||
| Region | The Western and Southwestern Caspian Sea coastal strip | |
| Total speakers | ca. 500,000 to 1 million | |
| Language family | Indo-European | |
| Writing system | Perso-Arabic script in Iran | |
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | None | |
| Regulated by | Academy of Persian Language and Literature | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | ||
| ISO 639-3 | tly | |
| Linguasphere | ||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Talyshi language is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Historically, the language and its people can be traced through the middle Iranian period back to the ancient Medes. It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). There are a wide variety of estimates for the number of Talyshi speakers with reliable estimates running anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million. Talyshi is partially, but not fully, intelligible with respect to Persian. Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.[2]
Contents |
The origin of the name Tolish is not clear but is likely to be quite old. The name of the people appears in early Arabic sources as Al-Taylasân and in Persian as Tâlišân and Tavâliš, which are plural forms of Tâliš. Northern Talysh (in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as Tâlish-i Guštâsbi. Talysh has always been mentioned with Gilan or Muqan. Hamdallah Mostowfi writing in the 1340s calls the language of Gushtaspi covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan is called a Pahlavi language connected to the language of Gilan.[3] Although there are no confirmed records, the language called in Iranian linguistics as Azari can be the antecedent of both Talyshi and Tati. Miller’s (1953) hypothesis that the Âzari of Ardabil, as appears in the quatrains of Shaikh Safi, was a form of Talyshi. That was also confirmed by Henning (1954).[4][5] In western literature the people and the language are sometimes referred to as Talishi, Taleshi or Tolashi. Generally speaking, the written books and texts concerning Taleshi are rare. However, In the recent decades a scientific and research movement has come about in this old region in poetry, history, literature, etc.
In the north of Iran, there are 6 cities that speak Talyshi: Masal, Rezvanshar, Talesh, Fouman, Shaft and Masoleh (in these cities however some people also speak Gilaki and Turkish as well). However the only city whose people speak exclusively Talyshi is the township of Masal and Masouleh. In other cities, in addition to Talyshi language, people speak Gilaki and Azerbaijani. In Azerbaijan there are 8 cities were Talysh is spoken: Astara (97%), Lenkoran (95%), Lerik (94%), Masalli (65%), Yardimli (40%), Belasuvar (24%), Nefchala (13%), and Calilabad (9%).
Talyshi has been under the influence of Gilaki, Azeri Turkic and Persian. In the south (Taleshdula, Masal, Shanderman and Fumanat) Talyshis and Gilaks live side by side, however there are less evidences that a Talyshi family replace Gilaki with its own language. In this region the relation is more of a contribution to each other's language. In the north of Gilan, on the other hand, Azeri Turkic has replaced Talyshi in cities like Astara after the migration of Turkic speakers to the region since decades ago. However the people around Lavandvil and its mountainous regions has retained the language. Behzad Behzadi, the author of "Azerbaijani Persian Dictionary" remarks that: "The inhabitants of Astara are Talyshis and in fifty years ago (about 1953) that I remember the elders of our family spoke in that language and the great majority of dwellers also conversed in Talyshi. In the surrounding villages, a few were familiar with Turkic" [6]. From around Lisar up to Hashtpar, Azeri and Talyshi live side by side with the latter mostly spoken in small villages. To the south of Asalem the influence of Azeri is nearly disconnected and the tendency is towards Persian along Talyshi in cities. In Azerbaijan republic, Talyshi is less under the influence of Azeri and Russian than Talyshi in Iran is affected by Persian.[7]. Central Talyshi has been considered the purest of all Talyshi dialects.[5]
Talyshi belongs to the Northwestern Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. The most related living language to Talyshi is Tati. Tati group of dialects are spoken across the Talysh range in the south-west (Kajal and Shahrud) and south (Tarom)[5]. That Tatic family should not be mistaken with another Tat family which is more related to Persian. Talyshi also shares many features and structures with Zazaki, now spoken in Turkey and Caspian languages and Semnani of Iran.
The division of Talyshi into three clusters are based on lexical, phonological and grammatical factors.[8] Northern Talyshi distinguishes itself from Central and Southern Talyshi not only geographically but culturally and linguistically as well. Speakers of Northern Talysh are found almost exclusively in the Republic of Azerbaijan but can also be found in the neighboring regions of Iran, in the Province of Gilan. The varieties of Talysh spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan are best described as speech varieties rather than dialects. Four speech varieties are generally identified on the basis of phonetic and lexical differences. These are labeled according to the four major political districts in the Talysh region: Astara, Lankaran, Lerik and Masally. The differences between the varieties are minimal at the phonetic [9] and lexical level [10]. Mamedov (1971) suggests a more useful dialectal distinction is one between the varieties spoken in the mountains and those spoken in the plains. The morphosyntax of Northern Talysh is characterized by a complicated split system which is based on the Northwest Iranian type of accusativity/ergativity dichotomy: It shows accusative features with present stem based transitive constructions, whereas past stem based construction tend towards an ergative behavior.[11]. In distant regions like Lavandevil and Masouleh, the dialects differ to such a degree that conversations begin to be difficult.[7] In Iran, the northern dialect is in danger of extinction.
| The Major Dialects of Talyshi | ||
|---|---|---|
| Northern (In Azerbaijan Republic and in Iran (Ardabil and Gilan provinces) from Anbaran to Lavandavil) including: | Central (In Iran (Gilan province) from Haviq to Taleshdula/Rezvanshahr district) Including: | Southern (In Iran from Khushabar to Fumanat) including: |
| Astara, Lankaran, Lerik, Masalli, Karaganrud/Kotbesara, Lavandavil | Taleshdula, Asalem, Tularud | Khushabar, Shanderman, Masule, Masal, Siahmazgar |
The northern dialect has some salient differences with the central and southern dialects, e.g.[7]:
| phonological change | Taleshdulaei Example | Lankarani | | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| â → u | âvaina | uvai:na | | mirror |
| a → â | zard | zârd | | yellow |
| â → u | dâr | du | | tree |
| u/o → â | morjena | mârjena | | ant |
| x → h | xetē | htē | | to sleep |
| j → ž | gij | giž | | confused |
Alignment variation
The durative marker "ba" in Taleshdulaei changes to "da" in Lankarani and shifts in between the stem and person suffixes:
ba-žē-mun → žē-da-mun
Such a diversification exists in each dialect too, like the case of Masali[12]
The vowel system in Talyshi is more extended than standard Persian. The prominent differences is the front vowel ü in central and northern dialects and the central vowel ə.[5] In 1929, a Latin-based alphabet was created for Talyshi in the Soviet Union. However in 1938 it was changed to Cyrillic-based, but it didn't gain extensive usage on variety of reasons, including political Stalinist consolidation of socialist nations. Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script and Azeri Latin are also used in Iran and Azerbaijan respectively. The following tables contain the vowels and consonanta used in Talyshi. The sounds of the letters on every row, pronounced in each language, may not correspond fully.
| Monophthongs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound (in IPA) | 1929-1938 | ISO 9 | Perso-Arabic script | KNAB (199x(2.0)) | Cyrillic | Other Romanization | Example(s) |
| ɒ: | a | a | آ , ا | a | a | â | âv |
| æ | a | a̋ | َ , اَ | ǝ | ә | a, ä | asta |
| ə | ә | - | ِ , اِ or َ , اَ | ə | ə | e, a | esa |
| e: | e | e | ِ , اِ | e | e | e | nemek |
| o | o | o | ا , ُ , و | o | о | o | šalvo |
| u | u | u | او , و | u | y | u | udmi |
| y | u | - | او , و | ü | y | ü | salü, kü, düri, Imrü |
| i | ъ | y | ای, ی | ı | ы | i | bila |
| i: | i | i | ای, ی | i | и | i, ị | neči, xist |
| Notes: ISO 9 standardization is dated 1995. 2.0 KNAB romanization is based on the Azeri Latin. [13] | |||||||
The general phonological differences of some Talyshi dialects with respect to standard Persian is as follows [7]:
| phonological change | Taleshdulaei / Khushabari Example | Persian | | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| u → â | duna | dâne | | seed |
| i → starting "e" | insân | ensân | | human being |
| e → u | tarâze | terâzu | | balance (the apparatus) |
| e → o | xerâk | xorâk | | food |
| "a" in compound words → "eliminated" | mâng-a-tâv | mah-tâb | | moonlight |
| Diphthongs | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Sound (in IPA) | Perso-Arabic script | Other Romanization | Example(s) |
| ɒ:ɪ | آی , ای | âi, ây | bâyl, dây |
| aʊ | اَو | aw | dawlat |
| æɪ | اَی | ai, ay | ayvona, ayr |
| oʊ | اُو | ow, au | kow |
| eɪ | اِی | ey, ei, ay, ai | keybânu |
| æ:ɐ | اَ | ah | zuah, soahvona, buah, yuahnd, kuah, kuahj |
| e:ɐ | اِ | eh | âdueh, sueh, danue'eh |
| ɔʏ | اُی | oy | doym, doymlavar |
| Consonants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound (in IPA) | 1929-1938 | ISO 9 | Perso-Arabic script | KNAB (199x(2.0)) | Cyrillic | Other Romanization | Example(s) |
| p | p | p | پ | p | п | p | pitâr |
| b | в | b | ب | b | б | b | bejâr |
| t | t | t | ت , ط | t | т | t | tiž |
| d | d | d | د | d | д | d | debla |
| k | k | k | ک | k | к | k | kel |
| ɡ | g | g | گ | g | г | g | gaf |
| ɣ | ƣ | ġ | غ | ğ | ғ | gh | ghuša |
| q | q | k̂ | ق | q | ҝ | q | qarz |
| tʃ | c, ç | č | چ | ç | ч | ch, č, c | čâki |
| dʒ | j | ĉ | ج | c | ҹ | j, ĵ | jâr |
| f | f | f | ف | f | ф | f | fel |
| v | v | v | و | v | в | v | vaj |
| s | s | s | س , ص, ث | s | с | s | savz |
| z | z | z | ز , ذ , ض , ظ | z | з | z | zeng |
| ʃ | ş | š | ش | ş | ш | sh | šav |
| ʒ | ƶ | ž | ژ | j | ж | zh | ža |
| x | x | h | خ | x | x | kh | xâsta |
| h | h | ḥ | ه , ح | h | һ | h | haka |
| m | m | m | م | m | м | m | muža |
| n | n | n | ن | n | н | n | nân |
| l | l | l | ل | l | л | l | lar |
| L mixed with i (probably ʎ ) | - | - | - | - | - | - | xâlâ, avâla, dalâ, domlavar, dalaza |
| ɾ | r | r | ر | r | р | r | raz |
| j | y | j | ی | y | ј | y, j | yânza |
| Notes: ISO 9 standardization is dated 1995. 2.0 KNAB romanization is based on the Azeri Latin. [13] | |||||||
And some differences with Persian[7]:
| phonological change | Taleshdulaei / Khushabari Example | Persian | | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| v → b | âv | âb | | water |
| f → b | sif | sib | | apple |
| x → h | xâsta | âheste | | slow |
| t → d | tert | tord | | brittle |
| j → ž | mija | može | | eyelash |
| m → n | šamba | šanbe | | saturday |
| "eliminated" → "middle h" | mēra | mohre | | bead |
| "eliminated" → "ending h" | ku | kuh | | mountain |
Talyshi has a Subject Object Verb word order. In some situations the case marker, 'i' or 'e' attaches to the accusative noun phrase. There is no definite article, and the indefinite one is "i". The plural is marked by the suffixes "un", "ēn" and also "yēn" for nouns ending with vowels. In contrast to Persian, modifiers are preceded by nouns, for example: "maryami kitav" (Mary's book) and "kava daryâ" (livid sea). Like the most other Iranian dialects there are two categories of inflection, subject and object cases. The "present stem" is used for the imperfect and the "past stem" for the present in the verbal system. That differentiates Talyshi from most other Western Iranian dialects. In the present tense, verbal affixes cause a rearranging of the elements of conjugation in some dialects like Tâlešdulâbi, e.g for expressing the negation of b-a-dašt-im (I sew), "ni" is used in the following form: ni-m-a-dašt (I don't sew)."m" is first person singular marker, "a" denotes duration and "dašt" is the past stem.
Talyshi is a null-subject, so nominal pronouns (eg. I, he, she) are optional. For first person singular, both "az" and "men" are used. Person suffixes are not added to stems for "men"[7]. Examples:
There are three prefixes in Talyshi and Tati added to normal forms making possessive pronouns. They are: "če / ča" and "eš / še".
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The follwoing Person Suffixes are used in different dialetcs and for different verbs.[7]
| Person Suffixes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | -em, -ema, -emē, -ima, -um, -m | -am, -emun(a), -emun(ē), -imuna, -imun |
| 2nd | -i, -er(a), -eyē, -išaو -š | -a, -erun(a), -eyunē, -iruna, -iyun |
| 3rd | -e, -eš(a), -eš(ē), -a, -ē, -u | -en, -ešun(a), -ešun(ē), -ina, -un |
The past stem is inflected by removing the infinitive marker (ē), however the present stem and jussive mood are not so simple in many cases and are irregular. For some verbs, present and past stems are identical. The "be" imperative marker is not added situationally.[14] The following tables show the conjugations for first-person singular of "sew" in some dialects of the three dialectical categories[7]:
| Stems and Imperative mood | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northern (Lavandavili) | Central (Taleshdulaei) | Southern (Khushabari) | Tati (Kelori) | |
| Infinitive | dut-ē | dašt-ē | dēšt-ē | dut-an |
| Past stem | dut | dašt | dēšt | dut |
| Present stem | dut | dērz | dērz | duj |
| Imperative | be-dut | be-dērz | be-dērz | be-duj |
| Active Voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Tense | Northern (Lavandavili) | Central (Taleshdulaei) | Southern (Khushabari) | Tati (Kelori) |
| Infinitive | - | dut-ē | dašt-ē | dēšt-ē | dut-an |
| Indicative | Present | dute-da-m | ba-dašt-im | dērz-em | duj-em |
| „ | Preterite | dut-emē | dašt-em | dēšt-em | bedut-em |
| „ | Perfect | dut-amē | dašt-ama | dēšt-ama | dute-mē |
| „ | Imperfective perfect | dute-aymē | adērz-ima | dērz-ima | duj-isēym |
| „ | Pluperfect | dut-am bē | dašt-am-ba | dēšt-am-ba | dut-am-bē |
| „ | Future | pima dut-ē | pima dašt-ē | pima dēšt-ē | xâm dut-an |
| „ | Present progressive | dute da-m | kâr-im dašt-ē | kâra dērz-em | kerâ duj-em |
| „ | Preterite progressive | dut dab-im | kârb-im dašt-ē | kârb-im dēšt-ē | kerâ duj-isēym |
| Subjunctive | Present | be-dut-em | be-dērz-em | be-dērz-em | be-duj-em |
| „ | Preterite | dut-am-bu | dašt-am-bâ | dēšt-am-bu | dut-am-bâ |
| Conditional | preterite | dut-am ban | ba-dērz-im | be-dērz-im | be-duj-im |
| Passive Voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Tense | Northern (Lavandavili) | Central (Taleshdulaei) | Southern (Khushabari) | Tati (Kelori) |
| Infinitive | - | dut-ē | dašt-ē | dēšt-ē | dut-an |
| Indicative | Present | duta bē dam | dašta babim | dēšta bum | duta bum |
| „ | Preterite | duta bēm | dašta bima | dēšta bima | bedujisim |
| „ | Imperfective preterite | duta be-am be | dašta abima | dēšta bistēm | duta bisim |
| „ | Perfect | duta beam | dašta baima | dērzistaima | dujisim |
| „ | Pluperfect | duta beam bē | dērzista bim | dērzista bim | dujisa bim |
| „ | Present progressive | duta bē dam | kâra dašta babima | kšra dēšta bum | kerâ duta bum |
| „ | Preterite progressive | duta bēdabim | kâra dašta abima | kâra dēšta bistēymun | kerâ duta bisim |
| Subjunctive | Present | duta bebum | dašta bebum | dēšta bebum | duta bebum |
| „ | Preterite | duta beabum | dašta babâm | dēšta babâm | dujisa biya-bâm |
There are four "cases" in Talyshi, the nominative (unmarked), the genitive, the (definite) accusative and ergative. The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian prepositions like "râ".
| Case markers and prepositions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Marker | Example(s) | Persian | | English |
| Nominative | - | sepa ve davaxa. | Sag xeyli hâfhâf kard. | | The dog barked much. |
| Accusative | -i | gerd-i âda ba men | Hame râ bede be man. | | Give them all to me! |
| „ | -e | âv-e-m barda | Âb râ bordam. | | I took the water. |
| Genitive | -kâ, -ku (from) | ba-i-kâ-r če bapi | Az u ce mixâhi? | | What do you want from him? |
| „ | -ka, -anda (in) | âstâra-ka tâleši gaf bažēn | Dar Âstârâ Tâleši gap mizanand. | | They talk Talyshi in Astara. |
| „ | -na (with) | âtaši-na mezâ maka | Bâ âtaš bâzi makon. | | Don't play with fire! |
| „ | -râ, -ru (for) | me-râ kâr baka te-râ yâd bigē | Barâye man kâr bekon Barâye xodat yâd begir. | | Work for me, learn for yourself. |
| „ | -ken (of) | ha-ken hēsta ča (čečiya) | Az ân, ce bejâ mânde? (Hamân ke hast, cist?) | | What is of which is left? |
| „ | ba (to) | ba em denyâ del mabēnd | Be in donyâ del maband. | | Don't take the world dear to your heart! |
| Ergative | -i | a palang-i do lorzon-i (Aorist) | Ân palang deraxt râ larzând. | | That leopard shook the tree. |
| English | | Northern (Lavandavili / Lankaroni) | Central (Taleshdulaei) | Southern (Khushabari / Shandermani) | Tati (Kelori / Geluzani) | Persian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| big | | yul | yâl | yâl | pilla | bozorg, gat, (yal, pil) |
| boy, son | | zoa, zua | zôa , zue | zu'a, zoa | zâ | Pesar |
| bride | | vayü | vayu | gēša, veyb | vayu, vēi | arus |
| cat | | kete, pišik, piš | peču | peču, pešu, piši | pešu | gorbe, piši |
| cry (v) | | bamē | beramestē | beramē | beramesan | geristan |
| daughter, girl (little) | | kina, kela | kilu, kela | kina, kel(l)a | kille, kilik | doxtar |
| day | | rüž, ruj | ruz | ruz, roz | ruz | ruz |
| eat (v) | | hardē | hardē | hardē | hardan | xordan |
| egg | | uva, muqna, uya | âgla | merqona | xâ, merqowna | toxme morq |
| eye | | čâš | čaš, čam | čēm | čašm | čašm |
| father | | dada, piya, biya | dada | ? | pē | pedar |
| fear (v) | | purnē, târsē | târsinē, tarsestē | tarsē | tarsesan | tarsidan |
| flag | | filak | parčam | ? | ? | parčam, derafš |
| food | | xerâk | xerâk | xerâk | xuruk | xorâk |
| go (v) | | šē | šē | šē | šiyan | raftan (šodan) |
| house/room | | ka | ka | ka | ka | xâne |
| language; tongue | | zivon | zun | zavon | zuân | zabân |
| moon | | mâng, uvešim | mâng | mang | mung, meng | mâh |
| mother | | mua, mu, nana | nana | ? | mâ, dēdē, nana | mâdar, nane |
| mouth | | qav, gav | ga, gav, ga(f) | qar | gar | dahân, kak |
| night | | šav | šaw | šav | šav | šab |
| north | | kubasu | šimâl | ? | ? | šemâl |
| rice | | berz | berz | berj | berenj | berenj |
| say (v) | | votē | vâtē | vâtē | vâtan | goftan |
| sister | | huva, hova, ho | xâlâ, xolo | xâ | xâv, xâ | xâhar |
| small | | ruk, gada | ruk | ruk | velle, xš | kučak |
| sunset | | šânga | maqrib | ? | ? | maqreb |
| sunshine | | haši | âftâv | ? | ? | âftâb |
| water | | uv, ôv | âv | âv | âv | âb |
| woman, wife | | žēn | žēn, žen | yen, žen | zanle, zan | zan |
| yesterday | | zina | zir, izer | zir, zer | zir | diruz, di |
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